See espion on Wiktionary
{
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "Basque",
"lang_code": "eu",
"raw_tags": [
"borrowed"
],
"word": "espioi"
},
{
"lang": "German",
"lang_code": "de",
"raw_tags": [
"borrowed"
],
"word": "Spion"
},
{
"lang": "Norman",
"lang_code": "nrm",
"raw_tags": [
"borrowed"
],
"word": "espion"
},
{
"lang": "Portuguese",
"lang_code": "pt",
"raw_tags": [
"borrowed"
],
"word": "espião"
},
{
"lang": "Turkish",
"lang_code": "tr",
"raw_tags": [
"borrowed"
],
"word": "ispiyon"
}
],
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "",
"2": "i",
"3": "I"
},
"expansion": "I",
"name": "yesno"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "Inherited"
},
"expansion": "Inherited",
"name": "glossary"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "fr",
"2": "frm",
"3": "*espion",
"4": "",
"5": "",
"g": "",
"g2": "",
"g3": "",
"id": "",
"lit": "",
"nocat": "",
"pos": "",
"sc": "",
"sort": "",
"tr": "",
"ts": ""
},
"expansion": "Middle French *espion",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "fr",
"2": "frm",
"3": "*espion"
},
"expansion": "Inherited from Middle French *espion",
"name": "inh+"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "fr",
"2": "fro",
"3": "espion"
},
"expansion": "Old French espion",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "fr",
"2": "fro",
"3": "espie",
"4": "",
"5": "spy"
},
"expansion": "Old French espie (“spy”)",
"name": "der"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "fr",
"2": "it",
"3": "spione",
"4": "",
"5": "spy"
},
"expansion": "Italian spione (“spy”)",
"name": "der"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "fr",
"2": "",
"3": "espion"
},
"expansion": "French espion",
"name": "m+"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "fr",
"2": "it",
"3": "spione"
},
"expansion": "Italian spione",
"name": "bor"
}
],
"etymology_text": "Inherited from Middle French *espion (attested only in the verb espionner), from Old French espion, spion (“one assigned to observe or spy”).\nAlternatively, derived from Old French espie (“spy”), under influence of Italian spione (“spy”).\nAccording to another theory, French espion is borrowed from Italian spione.",
"forms": [
{
"form": "espions",
"tags": [
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "espionne",
"tags": [
"feminine"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "m",
"f": "+"
},
"expansion": "espion m (plural espions, feminine espionne)",
"name": "fr-noun"
}
],
"lang": "French",
"lang_code": "fr",
"pos": "noun",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "French entries with incorrect language header",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with 3 entries",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with entries",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"langcode": "fr",
"name": "Espionage",
"orig": "fr:Espionage",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"langcode": "fr",
"name": "Occupations",
"orig": "fr:Occupations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
}
],
"derived": [
{
"word": "logiciel espion"
},
{
"word": "espionnage"
},
{
"word": "espionner"
}
],
"glosses": [
"spy (person who secretly watches)"
],
"id": "en-espion-fr-noun-swS7rT1W",
"links": [
[
"espionage",
"espionage"
],
[
"spy",
"spy"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(espionage) spy (person who secretly watches)"
],
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"topics": [
"espionage",
"government",
"military",
"politics",
"war"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/ɛs.pjɔ̃/"
},
{
"audio": "Fr-espion.ogg",
"mp3_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/d/d2/Fr-espion.ogg/Fr-espion.ogg.mp3",
"ogg_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d2/Fr-espion.ogg"
},
{
"audio": "LL-Q150 (fra)-Poslovitch-espion.wav",
"mp3_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/2/28/LL-Q150_%28fra%29-Poslovitch-espion.wav/LL-Q150_%28fra%29-Poslovitch-espion.wav.mp3",
"ogg_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/2/28/LL-Q150_%28fra%29-Poslovitch-espion.wav/LL-Q150_%28fra%29-Poslovitch-espion.wav.ogg"
},
{
"audio": "LL-Q150 (fra)-WikiLucas00-espion.wav",
"mp3_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/8/82/LL-Q150_%28fra%29-WikiLucas00-espion.wav/LL-Q150_%28fra%29-WikiLucas00-espion.wav.mp3",
"ogg_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/8/82/LL-Q150_%28fra%29-WikiLucas00-espion.wav/LL-Q150_%28fra%29-WikiLucas00-espion.wav.ogg"
},
{
"audio": "LL-Q150 (fra)-Jérémy-Günther-Heinz Jähnick-espion.wav",
"mp3_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/f/fa/LL-Q150_%28fra%29-J%C3%A9r%C3%A9my-G%C3%BCnther-Heinz_J%C3%A4hnick-espion.wav/LL-Q150_%28fra%29-J%C3%A9r%C3%A9my-G%C3%BCnther-Heinz_J%C3%A4hnick-espion.wav.mp3",
"ogg_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/f/fa/LL-Q150_%28fra%29-J%C3%A9r%C3%A9my-G%C3%BCnther-Heinz_J%C3%A4hnick-espion.wav/LL-Q150_%28fra%29-J%C3%A9r%C3%A9my-G%C3%BCnther-Heinz_J%C3%A4hnick-espion.wav.ogg"
}
],
"word": "espion"
}
{
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "nrf",
"2": "fr",
"3": "espion"
},
"expansion": "French espion",
"name": "bor"
}
],
"etymology_text": "Borrowed from French espion.",
"forms": [
{
"form": "espions",
"tags": [
"plural"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "nrf",
"10": "",
"11": "",
"12": "{{{3}}}",
"2": "noun",
"3": "",
"4": "",
"5": "plural",
"6": "espions",
"7": "",
"8": "",
"9": "",
"f2accel-form": "p",
"g": "m",
"g2": "",
"head": ""
},
"expansion": "espion m (plural espions)",
"name": "head"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "m"
},
"expansion": "espion m (plural espions)",
"name": "nrf-noun"
}
],
"lang": "Norman",
"lang_code": "nrm",
"pos": "noun",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Jersey Norman",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Norman entries with incorrect language header",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with 3 entries",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with entries",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"langcode": "nrf",
"name": "People",
"orig": "nrf:People",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
}
],
"glosses": [
"spy"
],
"id": "en-espion-nrm-noun-V9SqN3JQ",
"links": [
[
"spy",
"spy"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(Jersey) spy"
],
"synonyms": [
{
"word": "êpieux"
}
],
"tags": [
"Jersey",
"masculine"
]
}
],
"word": "espion"
}
{
"forms": [
{
"form": "espions",
"tags": [
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "espiona",
"tags": [
"feminine"
]
},
{
"form": "espionas",
"tags": [
"feminine",
"plural"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "oc",
"10": "espionas",
"2": "noun",
"3": "plural",
"4": "espions",
"5": "",
"6": "{{{pl2}}}",
"7": "feminine",
"8": "espiona",
"9": "feminine plural",
"cat2": "countable nouns",
"checkredlinks": "1",
"f1accel-form": "p",
"g": "m",
"g2": "",
"head": "",
"sort": ""
},
"expansion": "espion m (plural espions, feminine espiona, feminine plural espionas)",
"name": "head"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "m",
"f": "espiona"
},
"expansion": "espion m (plural espions, feminine espiona, feminine plural espionas)",
"name": "oc-noun"
}
],
"lang": "Occitan",
"lang_code": "oc",
"pos": "noun",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Occitan entries with incorrect language header",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with 3 entries",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with entries",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
}
],
"glosses": [
"spy"
],
"id": "en-espion-oc-noun-V9SqN3JQ",
"links": [
[
"spy",
"spy"
]
],
"related": [
{
"word": "espionar"
}
],
"tags": [
"masculine"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"audio": "LL-Q14185 (oci)-Davidgrosclaude-espion.wav",
"mp3_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/0/02/LL-Q14185_%28oci%29-Davidgrosclaude-espion.wav/LL-Q14185_%28oci%29-Davidgrosclaude-espion.wav.mp3",
"ogg_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/0/02/LL-Q14185_%28oci%29-Davidgrosclaude-espion.wav/LL-Q14185_%28oci%29-Davidgrosclaude-espion.wav.ogg"
}
],
"word": "espion"
}
{
"derived": [
{
"word": "logiciel espion"
},
{
"word": "espionnage"
},
{
"word": "espionner"
}
],
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "Basque",
"lang_code": "eu",
"raw_tags": [
"borrowed"
],
"word": "espioi"
},
{
"lang": "German",
"lang_code": "de",
"raw_tags": [
"borrowed"
],
"word": "Spion"
},
{
"lang": "Norman",
"lang_code": "nrm",
"raw_tags": [
"borrowed"
],
"word": "espion"
},
{
"lang": "Portuguese",
"lang_code": "pt",
"raw_tags": [
"borrowed"
],
"word": "espião"
},
{
"lang": "Turkish",
"lang_code": "tr",
"raw_tags": [
"borrowed"
],
"word": "ispiyon"
}
],
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "",
"2": "i",
"3": "I"
},
"expansion": "I",
"name": "yesno"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "Inherited"
},
"expansion": "Inherited",
"name": "glossary"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "fr",
"2": "frm",
"3": "*espion",
"4": "",
"5": "",
"g": "",
"g2": "",
"g3": "",
"id": "",
"lit": "",
"nocat": "",
"pos": "",
"sc": "",
"sort": "",
"tr": "",
"ts": ""
},
"expansion": "Middle French *espion",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "fr",
"2": "frm",
"3": "*espion"
},
"expansion": "Inherited from Middle French *espion",
"name": "inh+"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "fr",
"2": "fro",
"3": "espion"
},
"expansion": "Old French espion",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "fr",
"2": "fro",
"3": "espie",
"4": "",
"5": "spy"
},
"expansion": "Old French espie (“spy”)",
"name": "der"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "fr",
"2": "it",
"3": "spione",
"4": "",
"5": "spy"
},
"expansion": "Italian spione (“spy”)",
"name": "der"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "fr",
"2": "",
"3": "espion"
},
"expansion": "French espion",
"name": "m+"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "fr",
"2": "it",
"3": "spione"
},
"expansion": "Italian spione",
"name": "bor"
}
],
"etymology_text": "Inherited from Middle French *espion (attested only in the verb espionner), from Old French espion, spion (“one assigned to observe or spy”).\nAlternatively, derived from Old French espie (“spy”), under influence of Italian spione (“spy”).\nAccording to another theory, French espion is borrowed from Italian spione.",
"forms": [
{
"form": "espions",
"tags": [
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "espionne",
"tags": [
"feminine"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "m",
"f": "+"
},
"expansion": "espion m (plural espions, feminine espionne)",
"name": "fr-noun"
}
],
"lang": "French",
"lang_code": "fr",
"pos": "noun",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
"French 2-syllable words",
"French countable nouns",
"French entries with incorrect language header",
"French lemmas",
"French masculine nouns",
"French nouns",
"French terms borrowed from Italian",
"French terms derived from Italian",
"French terms derived from Middle French",
"French terms derived from Old French",
"French terms inherited from Middle French",
"French terms inherited from Old French",
"French terms with IPA pronunciation",
"Pages with 3 entries",
"Pages with entries",
"fr:Espionage",
"fr:Occupations"
],
"glosses": [
"spy (person who secretly watches)"
],
"links": [
[
"espionage",
"espionage"
],
[
"spy",
"spy"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(espionage) spy (person who secretly watches)"
],
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"topics": [
"espionage",
"government",
"military",
"politics",
"war"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/ɛs.pjɔ̃/"
},
{
"audio": "Fr-espion.ogg",
"mp3_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/d/d2/Fr-espion.ogg/Fr-espion.ogg.mp3",
"ogg_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d2/Fr-espion.ogg"
},
{
"audio": "LL-Q150 (fra)-Poslovitch-espion.wav",
"mp3_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/2/28/LL-Q150_%28fra%29-Poslovitch-espion.wav/LL-Q150_%28fra%29-Poslovitch-espion.wav.mp3",
"ogg_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/2/28/LL-Q150_%28fra%29-Poslovitch-espion.wav/LL-Q150_%28fra%29-Poslovitch-espion.wav.ogg"
},
{
"audio": "LL-Q150 (fra)-WikiLucas00-espion.wav",
"mp3_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/8/82/LL-Q150_%28fra%29-WikiLucas00-espion.wav/LL-Q150_%28fra%29-WikiLucas00-espion.wav.mp3",
"ogg_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/8/82/LL-Q150_%28fra%29-WikiLucas00-espion.wav/LL-Q150_%28fra%29-WikiLucas00-espion.wav.ogg"
},
{
"audio": "LL-Q150 (fra)-Jérémy-Günther-Heinz Jähnick-espion.wav",
"mp3_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/f/fa/LL-Q150_%28fra%29-J%C3%A9r%C3%A9my-G%C3%BCnther-Heinz_J%C3%A4hnick-espion.wav/LL-Q150_%28fra%29-J%C3%A9r%C3%A9my-G%C3%BCnther-Heinz_J%C3%A4hnick-espion.wav.mp3",
"ogg_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/f/fa/LL-Q150_%28fra%29-J%C3%A9r%C3%A9my-G%C3%BCnther-Heinz_J%C3%A4hnick-espion.wav/LL-Q150_%28fra%29-J%C3%A9r%C3%A9my-G%C3%BCnther-Heinz_J%C3%A4hnick-espion.wav.ogg"
}
],
"word": "espion"
}
{
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "nrf",
"2": "fr",
"3": "espion"
},
"expansion": "French espion",
"name": "bor"
}
],
"etymology_text": "Borrowed from French espion.",
"forms": [
{
"form": "espions",
"tags": [
"plural"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "nrf",
"10": "",
"11": "",
"12": "{{{3}}}",
"2": "noun",
"3": "",
"4": "",
"5": "plural",
"6": "espions",
"7": "",
"8": "",
"9": "",
"f2accel-form": "p",
"g": "m",
"g2": "",
"head": ""
},
"expansion": "espion m (plural espions)",
"name": "head"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "m"
},
"expansion": "espion m (plural espions)",
"name": "nrf-noun"
}
],
"lang": "Norman",
"lang_code": "nrm",
"pos": "noun",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
"Jersey Norman",
"Norman entries with incorrect language header",
"Norman lemmas",
"Norman masculine nouns",
"Norman nouns",
"Norman terms borrowed from French",
"Norman terms derived from French",
"Pages with 3 entries",
"Pages with entries",
"nrf:People"
],
"glosses": [
"spy"
],
"links": [
[
"spy",
"spy"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(Jersey) spy"
],
"tags": [
"Jersey",
"masculine"
]
}
],
"synonyms": [
{
"word": "êpieux"
}
],
"word": "espion"
}
{
"forms": [
{
"form": "espions",
"tags": [
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "espiona",
"tags": [
"feminine"
]
},
{
"form": "espionas",
"tags": [
"feminine",
"plural"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "oc",
"10": "espionas",
"2": "noun",
"3": "plural",
"4": "espions",
"5": "",
"6": "{{{pl2}}}",
"7": "feminine",
"8": "espiona",
"9": "feminine plural",
"cat2": "countable nouns",
"checkredlinks": "1",
"f1accel-form": "p",
"g": "m",
"g2": "",
"head": "",
"sort": ""
},
"expansion": "espion m (plural espions, feminine espiona, feminine plural espionas)",
"name": "head"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "m",
"f": "espiona"
},
"expansion": "espion m (plural espions, feminine espiona, feminine plural espionas)",
"name": "oc-noun"
}
],
"lang": "Occitan",
"lang_code": "oc",
"pos": "noun",
"related": [
{
"word": "espionar"
}
],
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
"Occitan countable nouns",
"Occitan entries with incorrect language header",
"Occitan lemmas",
"Occitan masculine nouns",
"Occitan nouns",
"Pages with 3 entries",
"Pages with entries"
],
"glosses": [
"spy"
],
"links": [
[
"spy",
"spy"
]
],
"tags": [
"masculine"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"audio": "LL-Q14185 (oci)-Davidgrosclaude-espion.wav",
"mp3_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/0/02/LL-Q14185_%28oci%29-Davidgrosclaude-espion.wav/LL-Q14185_%28oci%29-Davidgrosclaude-espion.wav.mp3",
"ogg_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/0/02/LL-Q14185_%28oci%29-Davidgrosclaude-espion.wav/LL-Q14185_%28oci%29-Davidgrosclaude-espion.wav.ogg"
}
],
"word": "espion"
}
Download raw JSONL data for espion meaning in All languages combined (7.1kB)
This page is a part of the kaikki.org machine-readable All languages combined dictionary. This dictionary is based on structured data extracted on 2026-03-25 from the enwiktionary dump dated 2026-03-03 using wiktextract (05c257f and 9d9a410). The data shown on this site has been post-processed and various details (e.g., extra categories) removed, some information disambiguated, and additional data merged from other sources. See the raw data download page for the unprocessed wiktextract data.
If you use this data in academic research, please cite Tatu Ylonen: Wiktextract: Wiktionary as Machine-Readable Structured Data, Proceedings of the 13th Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation (LREC), pp. 1317-1325, Marseille, 20-25 June 2022. Linking to the relevant page(s) under https://kaikki.org would also be greatly appreciated.